Discomfort as a result of joint pos

Discomfort as a result of joint positions and postural activities are immediately noticed. Also, it is much easier and faster to quantify discomfort noted from occupational postural activity and develop guidelines. Work procedure guide- lines added to physiology, observation and direct measure results will aid in forming risk models of possible occupational task hazards and their associated CTDs. Derivations of these methodologies have been demonstrated in validated ergonomic risk assessment tools for the lower back [65] and upper extremities [46]. Before any conclusion is drawn, the body discomfort must be understood and defined. Body dis- comfort in terms of postures and activities, can be defined as having sensations of pain, soreness, stiffness, numbness or tingling [26, 48, 56]. These studies reveal that many effects of discomfort are due to physiological reasons related to the body’s internal biomechanics and muscle fatigue capacities. These factors actively change as joints articulate, muscle contract and internal body pressure regulate. Tasks involving prolonged exposure to working postures and or repeated activi- ties are associated to body discomfort [15]. Non-neutral joint angles [63] and extrinsic contact stress on lower extremities body tissue from work environments [13] are also known to be uncomfortable for people if sustained. Furthermore, holding time of these postures is directly dependent on the perceived levels of discomfort, therefore the torques and fatigues induce through postures indirectly affects the time people can maintain postural loading [15].

結果 (中文) 1:

不舒服结果关节的位置和姿势活动立即注意。它也更容易、 更快的量化不适从职业体位活动中注意到，制定指导原则。工作过程指南-行添加到生理学，观察和直接测量结果，将有助于形成的可能的职业任务危害的风险模型和其关联的推导定植。 这些方法已被证明为 [65]、 下背和上肢 [46] 验证人体工学风险评估工具。任何结论之前，必须了解并定义身体不适。Dis-舒适姿势和活动身体，可以定义为具有感觉的疼痛，酸痛、 僵硬、 麻木或刺痛 [26、 48、 56]。这些研究揭示了许多影响的不适是由于生理原因，身体内部的生物力学和肌肉疲劳能力相关。这些因素积极改变作为口齿伶俐的关节、 肌肉的收缩和身体内部压力调节。任务涉及长期的暴露于工作姿势和或重复的生物活性是关联到身体不舒服 [15]。非中性关节角度 [63] 和外在接触应力对低四肢身体组织从 [13] 的工作环境也常常是不舒服，如果持续下去的人。此外，这些姿势的保温时间是直接的感知水平的不适，因此扭矩和迷彩服依赖间接诱导通过姿势影响时间人们可以保持身体姿势负荷 [15]。

結果 (中文) 3:

由于关节位置和姿势的活动而引起的不适，立即注意到。此外，它是更容易和更快的量化不适，指出从职业的姿势活动和发展的指导方针。工作程序指南-线增加到生理学，观察和直接测量的结果将有助于形成风险模型可能存在的职业病危害及其相关的其他任务。已经证明这些方法的推导，在验证人体工程学的风险评估工具，为下背部[ 65 ]和上肢[ 46 ]。在得出任何结论之前，身体不适必须被理解和定义。身体不舒适的姿势和活动，可以被定义为有疼痛的感觉，疼痛、僵硬、麻木或刺痛[ 26，48，56 ]。这些研究表明，许多影响的不适是由于身体的内部的生物力学和肌肉疲劳能力相关的生理原因。这些因素都在积极的改变关节的关节，肌肉收缩与内体压力调节。涉及长期暴露于工作姿势，或重复的活动关系到身体不适，[ 15 ]相关的任务。非中性关节角度[ 63 ]和外在的接触应力对下肢的身体组织从工作环境中[ 13 ]也被称为是不舒服的人，如果持续。此外，这些姿势保持时间是直接依赖于感知的不适程度，因此扭矩和疲劳诱导通过姿势间接影响人们可以维持姿势负荷[ 15 ]。